PD-L1 and PD-L2 differ in their molecular mechanisms of interaction with PD-1.

Over-Expression of Immunosuppressive Molecules, PD-L1 and PD-L2, in Ulcerative Colitis Patients

PD-1 Interaction with PD-L1 but not PD-L2 on B-cells Mediates Protective Effects of Estrogen against EAE.

Increased remissions in multiple sclerosis (MS) during late pregnancy may result from high levels of sex steroids such as estrogen and estriol. Estrogen (E2=17β-estradiol) protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the cellular basis for E2-induced protection remains unclear. Treatment with relatively low doses of E2 can protect against clinical and histological signs...

Producing Soluble Human Programmed Cell Death Protein-1: A Natural supporter for CD4+T cell Cytotoxicity and Tumor Cells Apoptosis

Background: Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway is one of the immune checkpoint pathways involved in regulation of the immune responses and suppression of anti-tumor defense. PD-1/B7-H1-blocking antibodies improve immune responses such as cytotoxic activity of CD8+/CD4+T cells and also increase mortality of tumor cells; however their use is accompanied by adverse effects in pat...

Anti – PD - 1 / PD - L 1 therapy of human cancer : past , present , and future

The PD pathway The cDNA of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) was isolated in 1992 from a murine T cell hybridoma and a hematopoietic progenitor cell line undergoing apoptosis (1). Genetic ablation studies showed that deficiencies in PD-1 resulted in different autoimmune phenotypes in various mouse strains (2, 3). PD-1–deficient allogeneic T cells with transgenic T cell receptors exhibited augmente...

PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in mouse prostate cancer.

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 play critical roles in maintaining an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The purpose of the present study was to assess expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in mouse prostate tumors. A total of 33 mouse prostate tumors derived from Pten-null mice were examined using immunohistochemical staining for PD-1, PD-L1, and PD...